Consulting Business Consultants: Come Know the Caveats

           It has been said that, “Hindsight is always twenty-twenty” and that is correct. In today’s world, people would be willing to pay billions to have twenty-twenty vision of the future or even the present. I do not have the answer to gain that perfect vision of the future but I do hold valuable knowledge as to how to see the present situation in twenty-twenty vision. The principles taught within can be applied to all situations but what will we be looking at exactly? Business consulting and how to find success therein. For those now preparing to enter into the field of business consulting there are some essential skills and knowledge that are often overlooked. I assure you, earning straight A’s across your business strategy college  courses will not be sufficient to truly be competitive in such a competitive field. Among the most  important influences of the success of a businessman is that of his ability to communicate clearly, respect surroundings appropriately, and create a powerful “perceived status” in the eyes of others. We will go deep into many of the vital, hidden principles of business consulting (that you won’t learn in your business classes) in order to satisfy the “unspoken rules” of successful business; addressing the key points learned through history, and communication to more fully grasp this important topic.

           This article does not contain the solution to every situation in order to find success but it does contain sufficient perspective and information as to allow one entering the business consulting field to recognize areas (beyond their studies) in which he or she must become expert to be successful.

Get It Right The First Time

                You consider yourself an influential, bright young individual ready to rock the boat in the world of business consulting. Rocking the boat can be powerful when deliberate but disastrous when not.  To avoid sinking the ship is as simple as understanding the following idea; when was the last time you went to some sort of event only to instantly realize that you were underdressed? Or maybe overdressed? Take a moment and recall what you felt; the embarrassment, the awkward feeling, the frustration and maybe in extreme cases even shame. A simple example to illustrate an important point; there is an accepted way to act, to communicate, and to appear for every situation and every context. It is no different in the world of business consulting.  Within business consulting there are no two days alike. Each day brings new situations and even newer relationships. To succeed in business consulting one must understand and be able to adapt to these situations and relationships. 

                Now, let’s imagine entering your first job interview only to come to find out that the company asked its’ applicants to dress in blue, pinstripe collared shirts with brown slacks and brown shoes. You sit down amidst the twelve other applicants who did not miss the memo. What are the chances of you getting the job? What are the chances of even being taken seriously before you open your mouth to answer the first question? That is a rhetorical question; you know the answer.  Just as there is a proper way to dress for certain situations, so too are there proper ways to speak and to act. Know the situation and what the situation calls for.

Matching the Communication with  the Situation

                Suppose you did obtain the job (because you went home quickly and changed your outfit to match the situation of course). Think, for a moment, of the many different ways in which you speak. You speak with friends, with family, with the opposite sex, with fellow coworkers, your manager, the list goes on. Each relationship calls for a different approach in communication. Understanding appropriate communication for the given situation is essential for you to keep that newly obtained job. One must learn to match the vocabulary, the body language, the tone of your voice with the nature of the relationship. For example; in sitting down with your first potential client think of how you would communicate. What vocabulary would be used? “Dude,” or maybe “bud” or “amigo?” If you are looking to lose your first not-customer this is a perfect way to do so. With your friends these words are just fine yet with this potential customer they will fail you. This may seem basic and implied knowledge but I assure you that those who are good; really, really good, stand tall above the competition. Learn this trade. It is not taught in your major studies.

Success Through Perception

                In the example of the interview, there is another element essential for success; “being taken seriously.” You have the ability and responsibility to create the type of character that you desire others to perceive. History illustrates this point exceptionally well. In Rome antiquity there was a group of people that organized the first Roman cavalry. These were called Equestrians. Equestrians were among the most noble, determined, and brave leaders. They were brilliant in their stratagem and execution.  Due to their status, Equestrians became powerful influences in the business world and one could argue, consultants in business. Others perception of the Equestrians allowed them to be influential leaders. Let us review. What is your perception of the Equestrians right now? Is it good or bad? My very words influenced your perception of the Equestrians. It only took three sentences. Now, a more important question.

                Why did you believe that the Equestrians were who I claimed they were? Over no great amount of time I have created a trustworthy, reliable source in your perception of who I am. One’s ability to find success in business consulting weighs heavily upon how he or she is perceived by others; or his perceived “status.” Every moment of interaction you are selling yourself; your abilities, your character, and your worth to the firm or customer. I do not speak of a status that cannot be influenced or changed. I speak of the status that one can create. Just as I created a perceived status of the Equestrians in your mind you must be able to create a desired perceived status in the minds of others. No matter how great your academic skills may be; if you have not the ability to create powerful perceived status success will always extend beyond your grasp.

                Developing a perceived status of trust, of loyalty, or of diligence are powerful ways to move forward in gaining success in business consulting. Allow me to guide you to another important principle.

Creating a New Kind of Value

                Paul Heathcote, a consultant with over 25 years of experience and who has recently given birth to his own consulting firm explains that being able to communicate effectively is essential. In his words he further taught, “You have to be able to show value to the customer right away.” Yes, this includes your academic knowledge of Proforma statements, the statements of cash flows, or whatever your line of expertise may be but we now know that there is more to it. The ability to “show value” is essential. That “showing” is not to be confused with “doing” valuable things. A consultant who can clearly “show value” through his words is a successful consultant. It takes more than the ability to analyze and crunch numbers to be successful; it takes persuasion by communication.

                An example; imagine two consultants in two different companies were asked to do the exact same task. Upon the asking of the completion of the task the first responds, “Yes, I finished what you had asked for; the papers are on your desk.” The second consultant responds in the following, “Yes, it was a bit more complex than what we had originally anticipated. Your request required a number of other steps that were not foreseen. Nonetheless, I was able to take care of the problem for you and the papers are now waiting for you at your desk.” The two consultants completed the exact same work in the exact same way but in your mind, who worked harder and accomplished more? The second most likely. I do not claim that more words are better than less. To find success in business consulting requires the ability to show to others that you are valuable while still creating a perceived status that is appropriate for your goals and situation. It is worth your time to learn the skill of communication and persuasion rather than just crunch numbers or problem solve.   

Conclusion

 In summary, I do not teach that influential communication alone will bring you great success. It is necessary to receive proper education in a competitive field in order to become a great businessman. That expertise, accompanied with the ability to communicate clearly, increase status, build trust, and demonstrate value is the formula for success. To be successful does not require twenty-twenty vision of the future but it does require the ability to communicate in such a way to demonstrate your control of the present. Learn from those who have already experienced your future; learn persuasion through communication. 

Works Cited

Paul Heathcote. Natural Knack Incorporated.

Burton, Gideon O. "Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric." Silva Rhetoricae. 15 Dec. 2014.

      <http://rhetoric.byu.edu>.

"The Roman Empire in the First Century: Equestrians." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2014. http://www.pbs.org/empires/

It's All Coming Together In Business Consulting

Audience

 “It’s not about ideas. It’s about making ideas happen.” Men and women who see with this perspective are the men and women that the business world needs. In order to make an idea “happen” requires an ability to organize that idea and then articulate it in such a way that will influence others in a positive way to invest in such ideas. As a result, classes of “communication in organizational settings” are essential. Communication alone will not be enough for those entering into the business consulting field. A detailed understanding of a broad number of topics found in the business world are required. Many will spend time involved in business “clubs” or internships to be competitive in their appearance, their approach, and their abilities. Depending upon the background a business consultant, one may take the CFA Exam, the CPA Exam, among others.

Context

Whether you like it or not, business is not only what you know but who you know. As a result, the ability to make connections and create powerful, lasting relationships is essential. Those who find success in the business world are often those who can articulate success in their words. You can choose to read this or you can choose to skip it, but the principles found within will save you a five star client down the line. In regards to history, the past is a great opportunity to learn from in order to avoid making the same mistakes as others while taking good ideas and applying them in brilliant ways for others.

Rhetoric

As mentioned earlier, among the most important aspects of business consulting is the ability to communicate your knowledge, your ideas, and your plans. This being said, knowing how to do this alone is not enough; one must be aware of the setting and the circumstance in order to appropriately address those the consultant is speaking with. Therefore, one of the essential aspects of rhetoric that will be address within the paper will be that of the branches of oratory. It will be necessary to articulate it simply (possibly through examples) in order to help the reader to see that if they do not respect the kairos they are not going to get far in the business world.

History

It is often said that history repeats itself and it is no different in the business world. Yes, the economics and business is growing exponentially in the world we now live, but those who have gone before have set powerful examples of the do’s and don’ts of the business world. There is a reason why business majors focus so much on case studies; because there is so much to be learned from them. Not only can we learn from the business approaches but also the business interaction. This will be an important part of what is spoken of.

Plan

In putting this post together I almost got into “writing mode.” I have some thoughts that were illustrated through practice instead of theory (which may be a little different than what was asked for the assignment so I hope that’s alright.) By applying the ideas I see that there will need to be more research done in terms of historical evidence of why communication is so important and specifically examples of where rhetoric was not used correctly. In doing this I think those reading will appreciate the insight and will respect it as they have seen applied through examples.

It will be important to connect the idea of different kinds of communication within business consulting. I will also need to do more research and hopefully some more interviews in order to get insight into how each interaction between firms and within firms are done. The more details I can have, the ore credible and reliable the paper will be. Great assignment to bring together my thoughts. 

Time Doesn't Change Much: The History of Business Consulting

When you look up the “history of business/management consulting” on the Web the earliest date that you will find is 1886. This is because this was the year that the first management consulting firm was founded (named Arthur D. Little INC.) Don’t let these sources fool you, business consulting goes back far beyond the 1880’s. In fact, business consulting has been done for thousands and thousands of years, it just hasn’t been officially claimed until the mid-1800s.

The old fashion version of Supply Chain Management?

Let’s go all the way back to Ancient Rome. During this era, a group of people or a “class of citizens” first to form the Roman Army cavalry called Equestrians. What does the army have to do with business consulting? Equestrians were high up on the food-chain of power and due to a number of policies, many of the Equestrians became businessmen. These warriors’ gone businessmen became experts in many different fields such as banking, exporting, governing etc.

As a result of their expertise and experience, these Equestrians became powerful assets within the world of financial administration. Those who chose to take the path of the Equestrians entered onto a fast-track to administration and consulting. In looking at what career paths these Equestrians took we are able to see a common thread of expertise. For example, the occupation of an exporter may be compared to the occupation of one who studies the degree of supply chain management today. In all occupations, people skills were essential. A similar knowledge and ability is required now

 to be a business consultant today as it was in the past (minus the military service of course).

Due to the status of an Equites, administration was a large part of his career path both in the military as well as in business. Similarly, in today’s world the most common degree attained by current business consultants is business administration/management. This is of significance to enter into the world of business consulting. To find success requires an elite understanding of the ins and outs of business as well as an ability to communicate, direct, and oversee business transactions.

The argument of the necessity of an academic understanding against on the job learning remains an important question. While the Romans felt on the job experience was sufficient, now days an academic study is often required for large success in the business administration and consulting world.

This understanding and these skills are important to develop but not enough. It has been said, “It is not what you know, but who you know.” This cannot be any more accurate. Yes, skill is important but just as Equestrians found success as a result of their status and ethos, so too business consultants find success through making connections or networking.

The world of consulting has furthered dramatically as a result of our ability to communicate as well as the immense opportunities for business and economics of our day. Ultimately, the concept of business consulting has lived for thousands of years and continues to accelerate exponentially today. 

Sources:

Paul Heathcote

Natural Knack Incorperated.

"The Roman Empire in the First Century: Equestrians." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2014. http://www.pbs.org/empires/

Leonhardt, David. "A Matter of Degree? Not for Consultants." The New York Times. The New York Times, 30 Sept. 2000. Web. 04 Dec. 2014.

At Last, to Slumber!

The smooth silk sways [Alliteration] my desires to sleep.  Oh how I have missed you [Apostrophe], the Silent Night(s)! The silence and the sleep somehow always seem to escape from my reach [Ethopoeia/Personification] each night. What must one man do to find such rest? Why must it be so difficult to sleep in peace [Epiplexis]? Who is to blame and to whom must I proclaim? But wait! At last, the Silent Night(s) have returned [Ethopoeia]. Like the wind sets sails to the voyager, you send sanity to my soul [Simile].

It has been far too long, far too few of nights where I have found true slumber. In truth, to slumber is next to impossible in this “college-life” [Hyperbole]. So how grateful I am to have finally found it. For this week, starting tonight, I will sleep like a baby [Maxim/Proverb] once more. I speak of the silent nights in which the night slumbers [Metaphorical use of Verbs] along with you. No sound, no stress, no midnight spars [systrophe].

At last I have found the week of slumber.  Grateful indeed, I am [anastrophe]. For this week there will be no stereo, no yelling, no late night in-door basketball playing; no noise. This week Silent Night(s) will love me and I her [Subjectio]. I cannot wait to beginnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn

Did We Miss the Punch-Line?

In reading the posts by each member of the class it was apparent that, for the most part, each of us are in agreement in the style, form, and rhetorical devices used by St. Augustine. I too, feel that St. Augustine uses all three levels of style with one ultimate goal as stated by James in his post, “teaching alone (in the sermon would not be enough, action would be required.” The end goal was move the audience to action.

I desire to point out a two methods that may have added more power to his sermon. One being the more apparent use of the topic, documents. While St. Augustine quotes the scriptures if he were to deliberately use the scripture reference and then quote it may bring an added emphasis to the importance of that source.

Other posts clearly and correctly point out the power of St. Augustine’s Sermon throughout but I desire to focus on the last paragraph (7). I believe this to be the most important and powerful paragraph of his speech. As mentioned by Macey Richardson and Macey Bleazard, this last paragraph has a deeper meaning. Both of these posts come to a different interpretation of the significance of what St. Augustine meant.

If we, having the text before us, are unsure as to St. Augustine’s meaning than surely, those who only had an opportunity to hear the words once would have struggled to grasp the final moving piece of the sermon. How could St. Augustine have made this more effective? I believe if he would have continued to use his established pattern (anthypophora) to explain what he meant by the last sentences it would have allowed the audience to make the powerful connection as explained by Macey Richardson. I fear that because St. Augustine ended so quickly his most powerful motivation or the punch line (in connecting us to the Savior) was missed by the majority of the audience. 

The Brother Of Jesus Was a Brilliant Rhetorician

Among my favorite master teachers of the New Testament is James. His contribution to the bible is only five short chapters but some of the most significant, clear, and powerful teachings of all scripture.

James (the supposed brother of Jesus) teaches using many forms of rhetoric in chapter three of his writings. He sure new his rhetorical devices.

 2 For in many things we offend all. If any man offend not in word, the same is a perfect man, and able also to bridle the whole body.

...7 For every kind of beasts, and of birds, and of serpents, and of things in the sea, is tamed, and hath been tamed of mankind:

8 But the tongue can no man tame; it is an unruly evil, full of deadly poison.

9 Therewith bless we God, even the Father; and therewith curse we men, which are made after the similitude of God.

10 Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not so to be.

From the use of metaphor, to parallelism, to even exergasia (it can be argued) this whole chapter is filled with powerful uses of rhetorical devices.  Three of which I desire to point out, which are: tautologia, anaphora, and anastrophe. 

Tautologia is "the repetition of the same idea in different words, but (often) in a way that is wearisome or unnecessary." This is used in verse seven as James lists the different kind of animals. He could easily have said, all animals have been tamed but instead who chose to emphasize the fact that man has been able to tame all things (in contrast with the lack of ability in taming our own mouths). 

Anaphora is used with the simple word, "and" within verse 7 to go even farther in creating an image of contrast. By using the word "and" after every type of animal he emphasizes once again how many things man has tamed only to fail in taming his own tongue.

Finally, anastrophe is used in verse 9 "...bless we God... Curse we men.." allows the reader to really see how grand the gap is between what we choose to say. By putting the verb first, it places emphasizes and added awareness of the opposite nature of these two things.

Shoes, Watch, Cuff-links and the Like

While Mr. Webb walks into the meeting that was arranged by Mr. Trujillo, a potential future client, he is reminded of the advice he received years ago when he first entered the business world; the first three things that any true man of business notices are shoes, cufflinks, and the watch. With many years of experience Mr. Webb surely came prepared for the meeting having shined his shoes the night before (although they were already like a mirror even beforehand), chose his most respected set of cufflinks, dry cleaned his suit, ironed his blue button- up, and of course laid out his power tie (with a little help from his wife).

Before the appointment even began Mr. Trujillo took a liking to Mr. Webb as it was apparent that Mr. Webb was a man of professionalism; a man who took his work, his life, and his client’s seriously. Simply by the pure appearance of Mr. Webb his ethos was increased. Whether fair or unfair, Mr. Webb understands that to be taken seriously and to be respected requires to respect oneself and in the business world this is often done through apparel and appearance. His professional appearance, with his more experienced face was respected by all who worked with him.

As the two men come together a firm handshake and inviting but confident eye contact is exchange between them both. Whether Mr. Webb’s (and his firm’s) ideas are worth the time or not, Mr. Webb knows that if his ethos brings no appeal to Mr. Trujillo he may never get the chance to offer his ideas. Both men have a handpicked team of colleagues that they brought yet the focus remains upon the two main representatives of each corporation/firm.

As the meeting begins Mr. Webb knows that he must present himself in such a way to suggest authority and power while still demonstrating respect and sincere interest in the success of Mr. Trujillo’s company.

Mr. Trujillo: Thank you for meeting with me on such short notice. As I’m sure your secretary reported to you we have been looking for a firm for some time and would like to move forward as quickly as possible. I have heard some things about you and your firm and would like to hear a bit more from you. (Mr. Trujillo tests the waters by verifying the level of communication within the firm. Namely between Mr. Webb and his secretary.)

Mr. Webb: Yes, I was told. It’s my pleasure to make the trip. It’s pleasing to hear that my firm remains elite in the consulting field. I assure you that if willing, you will find that the things you heard are true. (Mr. Webb demonstrates complete confidence in the success and reviews of his firm as given by others in reference to Mr. Trujillo’s previous statement. He is sure to include as much information provided by Mr. Trujillo’s words in his own speech as to demonstrate his attentiveness and good listening skills while still being able to move the conversation forward. Mr. Webb understands that he must demonstrate control and confidence while not overpowering the firm. As a result, at this point in conversation he uses a middle style to please the client and his company. He wishes not to come off as condescending and therefore avoids the low style at this point in time.)

Mr. Trujillo: With the information that was provided in the email, what perspective or options do you have to offer?

Now given the green light, Mr. Trujillo stands up from the chair and moves to the screen where his team has set up the projector to begin presenting the power point. This is where the style shifts from middle to mainly high style. Mr. Trujillo does some teaching or reviewing of what the company and firm are looking at while mainly looking to motivate and inspire the company to hire Mr. Trujillo’s firm. Although no specific invitation or offer is made, Mr. Trujillo speaks as though the decision has already been made and that the problem has already been solved by giving some information as to how it can be done.

By the end of the meeting, both Mr. Trujillo and Mr. Webb leave pleased with the outcome. The consulting begins. 

Conflict Issues and Special Topics of Invention in Business Consulting

Conflict Issues

Many points of conflict arise in the work place, especially in that of business consulting. Among the most critical is the plan of action that will be taken. In business consulting the majority of work is done within a team setting. As a result of this team or group setting many opinions arise causing much debate in regards to the most “advantageous” way to proceed with a specific client.

Within the team a conversation could go something like this:

Consultant 1 – Looking at the past financial statements it looks as though our original theory was incorrect. We need to reconsider the issue that is stopping the client from growing.

Consultant 2 – What did you see in statements that cause you to believe that?

Consultant 1 – (Providing some level or reasoning to his change may say) the original forecasts we predicted were based on falls pretenses.

Consultant 2 – What do you suggest we do from here?

Consultant 1 – Well from the information that we have thus far it appears that (some plan of attack) would be the best way to proceed.

Consultant 2 – That is a good idea, but I have dealt with clients such as these before. I have made the mistake of following your idea. The end result very rarely ends the way planned so let’s do this approach instead. (Consultant 2 may then offer a different option and the conversation would continue until an agreement was made.)

Analysis

Almost all of the dialogue between the two consultants refers to the options they have that will affect the future in an advantageous or disadvantageous way. This is often done through the use of documents as consulting firms often times refer to past financial statements. An important topic of invention that is often used in this field is that of past fact and future fact. This is often used by those consultants who are the “team leader” (in this case consultant 2) as they typically have more time and have attained more experience. This could be created into its own topic of invention (we could call it experienced vs. experienced).

"Silence is Golden"

The idea of knowledge and understanding as explained in Spencer's blog caught my attention. This principle had been taught many'a'times by my father in the walls of the place I call home. With this in mind I desire to take the invitation presented by Thomas and add on to the comments found in Macey's post in regards to comparing the De Oratore and Gorgias.

Although similar in some ways, ultimately both dialogues are extremely different in nature and purpose. Plato's Gorgias has a very clear purpose; to prove that Plato (as well as his mentor Socrates) are correct in their logic and ultimately have the moral truth.

On the other hand Cicero allows both sides of the argument to be heard as he creates the dialogue between Antonius and Crassus, thus producing an environment of exploration and deeper understanding of the principles of rhetoric. This could be interpreted as a sophist ideology.

Plato claimed that orators have no specific skill and intellect but rather a broad understanding of many things (which in my mind seems immoral or more amoral) while it is apparent that Cicero believes that, “the orator must know the facts of his case.” This adds a level of morality and truth to his definition of rhetoric. 

The final point I wish to make is the most significant I have to offer. Yes, Plato was able to trump his foe in Gorgias but did he truly come away as victor? In reality, Cicero's ability to use rhetoric has swayed our class to trust his interpretation of rhetoric over Plato's. How? The answer is found in Proverbs 29:11, "A fool uttereth all his mind: but a wise man keepeth it in till afterwards." Cisero recognized that to persuade requires trust in the persuader and gained that trust through allowing Crassus hear out the angle of Antonius. Plato failed to understand that mere logos is not enough to persuade when we don’t have all the facts in this life.

Communication and Persuasion in Business Consulting

As time has gone by I have come to appreciate the importance and power of business in the world in which we now live. The business world is a broad one filled with many different responsibilities and opportunities. Almost all of which rely heavily upon rhetoric. In taking Doctor Burton's course I have come to more fully understand the importance and power of oratory or rhetoric in this field of work; especially in that of business consulting. In speaking with consultants, business majors, and referencing internet sites I have learned much concerning business consulting.

According to "Business News Daily" a business consultant (or consulting firm), "provide management consulting to help organizations improve performance and efficiency." I have always took interest in the opportunity to become better and to set goals to get there. As a result of these interests and my appreciation for the business environment I found this career to be very intriguing.

It is apparent to see that this line of work requires constant communication on many different levels. This communication begins "formally" in the work place when a company contracts the consulting firm to analyze and present a plan to "improve performance and efficiency." The organization seeking help must communicate with the firm to explain and set expectations of what they hope to accomplish by hiring the firm.  This is crucial time for the firm as they must speak in more of a legislative branch of oratory to present their case and convince the company that they are what the company needs. A solid past history of success and a good “ethos” for a firm makes a big difference in being contracted.

After an agreement has been made as to the goal of the interaction the business firm gets to work. From working on the corporate level of the company, all the way down to the manufacturing portion of the company, the firm works to obtain the information necessary from past documents, observation, and a lot of communication from many different department managers within the organization. One could say that this aspect of business consulting has much to do with the “forensic” or legislative oratory and study.

Within each firm, there are specialists of different aspects of an organization (accountant, finance, etc.). Upon gathering and organizing the information the firm communicates together to determine what can be done to improve the organization.

Finally, the sale truly begins. Money is often exchanged at the beginning stages of the process but the art comes into play in this final stage.

Persuasion or rhetoric becomes an essential aspect of business consulting when the firm stands before the organizational CEO, CFO, and other leaders. They must present the information, plans and strategies in such a way to persuade the organization to invest in the idea. In this aspect of the work the communication becomes much more deliberative as the firm works to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of the future depending upon how the company chooses to proceed.

Down by The Water

    It Turns out the Ancient Rome consisted of a number of pastimes I grew up loving. They loved the water and they enjoyed outdoor hunting. I could get along with the ancient Romans. A common pass time of young men (but not limited to) was swimming at the Roman baths. The Tiber River was also a common place for swimming.

  If the people were not in the mood to swim they could be found down by the water, fishing. Their hunting expeditions did not stop there; Roman culture encouraged trips to the country for some good hunting. They had great taste!

Links:

-http://www.ancient.eu/article/98/

-http://www.fofweb.com/History/

Figurative Language About Suits

1.       Metaphor

a.       To have no suit is to have no life.

b.      We understand the idea of not having a life. When combined with the idea of not having a suit in such a direct and forward approach the reader is able to see the severity of not having a suit. This is quite the insult for a man who doesn’t have a suit (although I created the metaphor I disagree with it ha.) This may also be classified as part of parallelism as both parts of the sentences are similar in structure. This could even be considered a hyperbole (as metaphors are often used) because it can be considered an exaggeration.

2.       Paronomasia

a.       All who wear suits, are suited well.

b.      In this case, both words are virtually identical yet both represent two different things. While the first use of suit refers to the noun (article of clothing) the second suits is used as a meaning for “appropriate.” This is to suggest that suits suit people well.

3.       Anthimeria

a.       Suiting is so common in the business world that you would look foolish not to do it.

b.      The word suit is typically used as a noun to classify what someone might wear. In this instance “suiting” represents the act of wearing the suit. This noun-turned-verb becomes a powerful way to demonstrate how essential a suit is in the business world.

4.       Hyperbole

a.       A true man has an infinite amount of suits to choose from.

b.      Clearly there is no man who has so many suits that they cannot be counted. Nonetheless, this hyperbole allows the listener to recognize that the more suits you have the better off you will be providing a clear picture of what is expected of a “true man.”

5.       Oxymoron

a.       When a man dresses in such a brilliantly dark suit as this one he will surely come away as victor.

b.      The two words “brilliantly dark” are often times opposing in nature. To be brilliant is to be bright or radiant while dark quite the opposite. Standing side by side, these two words powerfully influence the image of a deep dark suit therefore creating an effective oxymoron.

Schemes about suits:

1.       Parallelism

a.       All suits are to be tailored, cleaned, and preserved.

b.      A simple sentence in a clear form of parallelism of words. To be “tailored, cleaned, and preserved” demonstrate the similarity in structure placing emphasis on the needs of a good suit therefore fitting under the scheme of parallelism.

2.       Anastrophe

a.       Powerful men, suits produce.

b.      Simply rearranged, the original sentences could be worded, “Suits produce powerful men.” By rearranging the order of the sentence the focus is set upon the men who become powerful. The second focus becomes the “how” of why they become powerful which one can find in the second part (suits make men powerful). An effective example of anastrophe.

3.       Ellipsis

a.       Some suits are sleek and others, not.

b.      Although it is clear that both parts of the sentence addresses suits, the second part (referring “others”) omits the reference back of suits; thus creating an ellipsis.

4.       Alliteration

a.       When suits are sown smoothly they satisfy the surrounding standbys.   

b.      This sentences connects a string of words that begin with the letter “s” and all have a similar sound. As a result, the sentence catches the attention of the audience drawing their interest to understand and clarify what each word offers to the sentences.

The Essential Suit

             Without a suit, surely one will never reach his full capability (Antecedent). When a young man makes the transition to manhood, it is essential that he purchase a suit. I suggest that among the most important of outfits in a man's wardrobe a suit should be at the top of the list. Allow me to remind you that at the grandest of occasions a fine black suit with a fine black tie is often worn, this will remain to be so as long as men live (Past Fact/Future Fact). This is reason enough to purchase a suit. For if a man desires to have many of these the "grandest of occasions" then he must be prepared. How often have we lived to hear, "dress for success" (Maxims or Proverbs) yet we still struggle to see how true a statement it is? Too often.
             I do not suggest that we must spend our living on buying such costly apparel but however much one without a suit may try to fit in at an occasion where suits are to be worn he will not find the success or recognition he seeks for (The Possible and Impossible). Therefore, a suit is essential for a man. A seller of suits is quoted saying, "you're going to like the way you look I guarantee it" (Authority) and he is exactly right. I can say for myself that I have never felt more comfortable in a outfit then when I'm in a sharp looking suit (Witness).
           If you are still not convinced, let us not forget that the words of Christ as recorded in the scriptures states, "...Ye are the temples of God..." (Documents. This could also be Authority or Supernatural). Surely if God considers our bodies to be temples we must respect them by the way in which we dress (Supernatural). If God does not dwell in unclean temples, then we should expect to be as clean in as many ways possible (Contraries). A suit can help with that. Surely, we can more fully see the necessity for all men to have a clean cut, nice looking suit. If nothing else, that suit will give you the confidence to finally try to get that girls number (cause/effect).

Profile For Persuasion: The Lax Bro

Main Characteristics and Values
Ranging from age 14 - 25 "lax bros" are males who play lacrosse (whether competitively or not) and associate themselves with the lifestyle that comes along with the sport of Lacrosse. Lax bros live throughout the country but they are found in greater numbers on the East coast. Often times mistaken for just another "bro" or "beach bum," lax bros spend the majority of their time with others who associate themselves with the sport of lacrosse. Their values are often focused on the here and now instead of preparing for the future or worrying about the past. They prefer reLAXing (throwing the lacrosse ball around), social gatherings where women will be present, and any opportunity to enjoy life. They remain current in cultural movements and trying to enjoy the "youth" of life. Their mentality consists of ideas such as; life is meant to be fun, responsibility is overrated, and "you only live once."

Likely/Unlikely to be persuaded
If women, loud music, or throwing the Lacrosse ball around are involved these people are very likely to be persuaded. Although they can be egoistic, if a fellow lax bro is involved they can be persuaded as a whole. They stick together with their other lax bros. It would be unlikely to persuade lax bros if they were required to wear a suit and tie as this seems to be to up-tight for them. If free food or good entertainment are included then persuasion will come more easily. Adult gatherings in professional settings will detract from persuasion.

Test Case: Lax Bros and Attending a Play
You would be hard-pressed to find a lax bro at a play of any sort. It would not be impossible but some very specific details would have to be included. Women would have to be involved in order to persuade a lax bro. Other elements that would add to the power of persuasion would be free food, an interactive play where they have audience members participate, or if another lax bro were to be in attendance and did not want to go alone. It would also help if it was a modern play.

Well Which One Is it?

In reading the many posts already on display, I saw two very distinct opinions in regards to Pericles’ Funeral Oration. In one corner, the opinion that the oration was based upon deliberative branch of oratory while in the other corner we have the champion of funeral orations…. (Drum roll please) the epideictic branch!

In the post, “The Master of Disguise” Hailee Richards goes so far to as to “classify Pericles’ Funeral Oration as a deliberative piece…” (Also see “Things Not as They Appear”). Others on the other hand seem sure that this speech is one of epideictic oratory.

So… Which one is it?

Could it be… both?

In an earlier post by Macey Richardson (“HPR: How Pericles Rhetoricized”) she expressed that on occasion Pericles used elements of deliberative rhetoric to persuade the Athenians to build up their great city. With this attitude in mind I desire to briefly dissect how both branches of oratory and how their coined methods can be a powerful combination.

As clearly noted within his speech Pericles praises his city after which he praises the warriors of the city. Within this praise, Pericles essentially states, “Athenian City is the best (accompanied with examples) and we have grown up in this city, therefore we are also the best.” This being said, he never claims that the people of the city are the best but it is so obvious that there is no need to do so. This is a powerful method to prove a point that we know as enthymeme.

This being said, Pericles does not remain in the present but continues to speak of what is good and unworthy as well as what is advantageous and disadvantageous in the future. Let’s see an example of this transition. Pericles states, “This, then, is the kind of city for which these men, who could not bear the thought of losing her, nobly fought and nobly died (praise). It is only natural that every one of us who survive them should be willing to undergo hardships in her service (good and advantageous).”

Brilliantly done to persuade his audience, Pericles deserves credit for such mastery of each branch of oratory and elements. In closing, I believe although epideictic in nature, his speech contains all three branches of oratory. Possibly a better question than “which one is it?” may be, “how does each branch work together to persuade an audience?”

Well Done Pericles

Greek Civilization

In reading the Funeral Oration of Pericles as recorded by Thucydides one large cultural element was made apparent; unity. In some ways I feel as though we look back at ancient Greece (in this case Athens) as “stuck up” or “prideful.” It is important to recall, especially as seen in this oration, that the people of ancient Greece and specifically the people of Athens were united in their patriotism. Although Alexander Noren calls it pride in his post, I believe it to be nobler then that. I imagine that he would agree that the Athenians were patriotic but it’s important to clarify that that does not inherently make them prideful a people. Patriotism is a pride or loyalty to a common purpose (in this case pride and loyalty in a city.)

United We Stand (a good use of rhetoric)

The theme of patriotism flows smoothly into the ethos of Pericles’ oration. It is important to note (as does Alexander Noren) that throughout all of his oration Pericles uses words that include everyone (including himself) such as “we” and “us.” To add to this power of ethos, the patriotism naturally appeals to pathos. Who, if anyone, does not find a uniting power when speaking about their homes? This loyalty to the city of Athens as well as Pericles’ ability to bring back to remembrance many elements of their city persuades the audience to an emotional tie to his words.

A Dramatic Speech

Within the speech many elements of Drama are present. Although there are no other characters or changes in (literal) scenery, Pericles is able to take the audience from one scene to another with his words. He takes the audience from the life of a youth in the city of Athens, to the middle aged, the old age and ultimately to the death. One can almost hear the passion in his voice as he speaks and demonstrates his points. I don’t believe much would need to change in regards to the approach of his speech if he were to transform it into a play. I imagine the physically scenery on stage would be of the city, with landmarks of the city that the audience would know well. The only change that would need to change is that instead of a narrator, each stage of life would be played out by actors. It’d be a play worth watching!

A Little Bit of a Big Disconnect

Although I was able to engage and understand the play my personal “emotional investment” in it was low.  As I considered this, I quickly realized an essential part of both drama and public speaking in regards to “managing and mediating the irrational”; it must be experienced by the audience first hand.

What I mean by this is that the irrational remains irrational if the audience of those speaking do not vindicate the speaker. For example, Hecubas use of Mimesis caused many of the other characters as well as the audience to justify her irrationality.

Both drama and public speaking has the same purpose (as pointed out by Joseph Pearson); “to objectify, classify, and understand” the irrational or the event as a whole.

The differences found within these two parts is the way in which they arrive at the desired outcome.  While the application of drama (one could say mimesis generally speaking) brings a sense of connection and validation (therefore persuasion) to emotion, public speaking (rhetoric) allows one to explain and persuade using speech.  Drama seems to bring out so much emotion or, for lack of a better word, “drama” that one wants to connect emotionally with the individual. This being said, if that connection is not made as it was not for me in the playwright Hecuba than the irrational continues to look irrational. The same is true with public speaking; if one is unable to connect through the use of ethos, logos or pathos than the speech itself has no ability to put into context or rationalize the irrational.

Both methods of language require the audience or recipient to emotionally/mentally invest in the communication to manage or mediate the irrational. Without this connection the yelling and crying are just more yelling and crying and the words of persuasion are simply words unheard and therefore remain irrational. 

"I Wouldn't Be a Man If I Didn't Feel This Way..."?

Among the most popular songs by Josh Turner is… Completely irrational?! In some ways one could say so. In his song, “I Wouldn’t Be a Man” Josh Turner describes the feelings that he has about a woman who, he claims, he couldn’t ever “resist.” Both Josh Turner and Euripides had a similar story to tell in regards to a force that seems to be greater than reason itself. Josh Turner calls it love but, just like Euripiedes, focus’ on the physical attratraction between the sexes. Both authors of their trade recognize that to be irrational from time to time makes us rational (it’s called being human).

In the Euripides’ Bakkhai, the women are portrayed as those who are irrational or even “wild.” This includes their preferred location of irrationality; the wilderness. These women were found believing in a God who “must be punished for [his] evil sophistries” according to Pentheus. In essense, Pentheus is a man who represents rational thinking and does not believe in this God named Dynioses. We are able to see the contrast between men and woman as well as the roles they play. Whether an individual is considered irrational (such as Agaues) or rational (such as Pentheus) both sexes and both classifications have irrational characteristics.

In regards to how Pentheus is irrational I cannot state it better than Katie Johnson who, in her blog said, “His downfall, therefore, is not recognizing irrationality as a hugely powerful force that controls a bit of everyone’s life.”

From this we learn the rationale behind Euripides’ play script. It also demonstrates incredibly well that to be irrational one must also be rational. In other words, to be rational requires a level of irrationality. To claim that you are rational yet also claim that you are not irrational from time to time is completely irrational (a complete paradox). What I find so incredible is that this was the most rational part of his script.

In further considering, I came to more fully recognize how “irrational” it is to believe in God’s. Ultimately, believing in God allows one to put into perspective some of the “irrational” things in this world. Consider the doctrine of “the fall” of Adam. One could suggest that this doctrine puts into context why man (the natural man) is so irrational as well as teaching the importance of controlling those irrational behaviors. I have come to understand that through religion itself we are able to also deal with irrational behavior whether we believe in it or not.

HOW Could I Fall For That?!

As I read through some of the blogs posted I ran across a number of contradictions; one of which I would like to point out. In the blog "Did I miss something here?" by Courtney B she pointed out that she found little to no logic (use of logos) in the speech by Gorgias in persuading his listeners to rid Helen of blame. On the other hand, in the blog written by Hailee Richards she argues that Gorgias used logic to prove his point.
Ultimately, the lexis of this speech or "how" he presented his speech made powerful, persuading points. Whether with an appeal to logos or pathos Gorgias is able to persuade us all (to an extent) to reconsider the decision made by Helen to run off with another man.
I find it incredible his ability to relate to the audience in such a way to ease the guilt or pain of our past irrational choices. He ultimately claims that the blame cannot be upon Helen. In many ways, it seems as though Gorgias is only justifying the situation but his ability to persuade is powerful because he recognizes that all audience members have justified as well. As a result, the audience almost wants to believe it wasn't her fault because then, inherently, the blame of past choices of the audience diminishes somehow.

This has brought me to think of past choices in my life that, whether right or wrong, seemed to lack good rational. I am reminded of a football game that I played in. I had been suffering from a hernia for the majority of the season. In one of the last games of the season I tackled the running back with the ball. As I got up after the tackle I quickly realized that the top of my pinky finger had burst off. The finger had been between my helmet and the opponent's when we collided.
As a result, the paramedic checked it out during the game. Although continuing to play seemed to be not an option somehow the look of my coach or my teammates, or even the thought of looking at myself in the mirror caused me to want to play. Looking back, I realize now that it had everything to do with pride. I was a victim of my own pride.

Gorgias, along with the rest of us, realize that we fall for a lot of "dumb" ideas as a result of emotion, especially emotion in the heat of the moment.

From the Past, In the Present, To the Future

Elder Bednar’s uses decorum with an appeal to logos to illustrate the perfect moment of Kairos for his speech. Intertwined throughout his speech, Elder Bednar refers to the past dispensations and past prophets to demonstrate the reality that now (kairos) is the time to speak of technology and possibly more importantly, now is the time to “act” or communicate through technology and social media.

Elder Bednar’s ability to appeal to reason in explaining the significance of this, our dispensation (kairos) causes the audience to more fully recognize that our lives and the timing of them have been looked too since the beginning of time. An audience member may think, “If the prophets of old have looked to and prophesied of our day then I guess this is pretty important stuff.” As Elder Bednar continues he consistently refers back to the past to remind us of the power of now. Finally, Elder Bednar invites the audience now, to act in the future. This invitation persuades and moves the audience to think, “This time is so important that there is something that I need to do about it.”

Although the intent and detail differs in Socrates communication, the overlying pattern is similar. Socrates uses the past and events found within it to influence the present and appeal to logos in order to effect the way in which Gorgias responds, ultimately demonstrating his superior reasoning. I also find it significant that Socrates points out the Kairos of his communication (like Elder Bednar) as he pauses from time to time to be sure that the audience is still comfortable to proceed, strengthening his ethos.

Among all else, the message moved me. 

Let’s #ShareGoodness!